Dilema Penggunaan Kekuatan oleh Aparat Kepolisian dalam Pengendalian Massa di Stadion: Antara Keamanan Publik dan Hak Asasi Manusia

Abstract

This study evaluates the normative coherence between the FIFA Stadium Safety and Security Regulations and national public law, while mapping the legal liability gaps of police officers in stadium security. Employing a juridical-doctrinal approach, this research analyzes primary legal materials (Indonesian National Police Regulation No. 10 of 2022 and FIFA statutes) alongside secondary materials (the doctrines of lex sportiva and command responsibility). The findings indicate that the textual transition to Article 31 of Indonesian National Police Regulation No. 10 of 2022, which prohibits firearms and tear gas, creates an illusion of coherence, wherein operational emergency discretion remains vulnerable to obscuring the command liability of mid-ranking officers. The study concludes that closing these accountability gaps requires three doctrinal pillars: (1) elevating the violation of instrument prohibitions into a material unlawful act that breaks the impunity of discretion, (2) formalizing the boundaries of civil and public liability between inner-ring stewards and outer-ring police, and (3) rejecting the protective shield of the ambtelijk bevel doctrine for force-deployment orders that breach international safety norms.

Abstrak

Penelitian ini mengevaluasi koherensi normatif antara FIFA Stadium Safety and Security Regulations dan hukum publik nasional serta memetakan kesenjangan akuntabilitas hukum aparatur kepolisian dalam pengamanan stadion. Menggunakan pendekatan yuridis-doktrinal, penelitian menganalisis bahan hukum primer (Perpol No. 10/2022 dan statuta FIFA) dan sekunder (doktrin lex sportiva dan command responsibility). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa transisi tekstual ke Perpol No. 10/2022 Pasal 31 yang melarang senjata api dan gas air mata menciptakan ilusi koherensi, di mana diskresi darurat operasional rentan mengaburkan command liability perwira menengah. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa penutupan celah akuntabilitas mensyaratkan tiga pilar doktrinal: (1) peningkatan pelanggaran pelarangan instrumen sebagai perbuatan melawan hukum materiel yang memutus impunitas diskresi, (2) formalisasi batas pertanggungjawaban perdata/publik antara inner-ring steward dan outer-ring Polri, serta (3) penolakan perlindungan doktrin ambtelijk bevel bagi perintah pengerahan kekuatan yang cacat norma keselamatan internasional.